This heating causes a rapid outward expansion, impacting the surrounding cooler air at a speed faster than sound would otherwise travel. The temperature inside the lightning channel, measured by spectral analysis, varies during its 50 μs existence, rising sharply from an initial temperature of about 20,000 K to about 30,000 K, then dropping away gradually to about 10,000 K. ![]() In the 20th century a consensus evolved that thunder must begin with a shock wave in the air due to the sudden thermal expansion of the plasma in the lightning channel. In the mid-19th century, the accepted theory was that lightning produced a vacuum and that the collapse of that vacuum produced what is known as thunder. The Roman philosopher Lucretius held it was from the sound of hail colliding within clouds. Early thinking was that it was made by deities, but the ancient Greek philosophers attributed it to natural causes, such as wind striking clouds ( Anaximander, Aristotle) and movement of air within clouds ( Democritus). The cause of thunder has been the subject of centuries of speculation and scientific inquiry. The shared Proto-Indo-European root is * tón-r̥ or * tar-, also found in Gaulish Taranis. The name of the Nordic god Thor comes from the Old Norse word for thunder. In Latin the term was tonare "to thunder". Middle Dutch donre also Old Norse þorr, Old Frisian þuner, Old High German donar, all ultimately descended from Proto-Germanic * þunraz). The d in Modern English thunder (from earlier Old English þunor) is epenthetic, and is now found as well in Modern Dutch donder (cf. The scientific study of thunder is known as brontology and the irrational fear ( phobia) of thunder is called brontophobia. In turn, this expansion of air creates a sonic shock wave, often referred to as a "thunderclap" or "peal of thunder". The sudden increase in temperature and hence pressure caused by the lightning produces rapid expansion of the air in the path of a lightning bolt. Depending upon the distance from and nature of the lightning, it can range from a long, low rumble to a sudden, loud crack. Thunder is the sound caused by lightning. Cumulonimbus clouds often form thunderstorms. Thunder is the sound produced by lightning. “We’ll come back and see you again.For other uses, see Thunder (disambiguation). Clutching flowers from his fans, he repeated his ritual from the beginning of the set, slowly making his way to face each cheering section of the audience and gaze out at them for a beat. Long after the rest of his bandmates left the stage for good, Smith lingered. A little torso shimmy here, some jerking hands up there. If some earlier selections felt like a black storm cloud, this was the rainbow waiting at the end of the tempest.įans bobbed their heads to the catchy synths and drum beat of “The Walk.” They belted along to “Friday I’m in Love” and “Boys Don’t Cry.” As he shuffled across the stage, Smith busted out his awkward-yet-endearing dance moves. Here was a refuge of the bouncy bops you’d pick for karaoke or a mixtape for someone special. The second encore was longer than the first - eight songs! - but flew by thanks to some much lighter selections. ![]() The Cure’s bassist Simon Gallup performs along with the rest of the band Thursday, Jat Amalie Arena in Tampa. ![]() Bassist Simon Gallup shined the whole night, but especially during “A Forest,” which he closed alone, strumming that eerie beat faster and faster under a blistering red spotlight. When he needed to reach for any note, he got there. The results ranged from dreamy (“Pictures of You”) to gloomy (“Disintegration”) to hopeful (“Plainsong”).Īt 64, Smith’s voice has held up remarkably well. Perhaps the biggest treat of the evening was watching the band build each textured track layer by layer, piling on jangly guitars, a twinkle of chimes and breathless synth lines from both Perry Bamonte and Roger O’Donnell. “Something wicked this way comes to steal away my brother’s life,” Smith howled. The sorrow bled into the start of the first encore, with an even bleaker song about Smith’s late brother: “I Could Never Say Goodbye.” There was a glimmer of a melancholy piano melody. The Cure’s guitarist Reeves Gabrels performs along with the rest of the band Thursday, JAmalie Arena in Tampa.
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